From thought to automatic action: Strategic and spontaneous action control by if-then planning

Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Human Behavior

Authors

Affiliations

Torsten Martiny-Huenger

Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany

Maik Bieleke

Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany

Gabriele Oettingen

Department of Psychology, New York University, USA
Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany

Peter M. Gollwitzer

Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
Department of Psychology, New York University, USA

Abstract

If-then action planning (i.e., implementation intentions; Gollwitzer, 1999) is an effective self-regulation strategy. It entails mentally linking an intended action to a critical situation in a verbal if-then plan (e.g., ‘If I enter the cafeteria, then I will buy an apple’). Formulating such a plan increases the likelihood of actually performing the intended action as soon as the specified critical situation arises. Importantly, the initiation of the planned action exhibits features of automaticity (i.e., fast, efficient, and without requiring another conscious intent; Bargh, 1994). Thus, if-then planning is an intriguing instance of how ‘controlled’ conscious thought at one point in time can lead to ‘automatic’ action at a later point in time.

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